![]() ![]() This review summarizes progress in electroanalysis of organic compounds and biomacromolecules by means of bare BDD-based electrodes for the period of 2009-2018. ![]() The biocompatibility of the microcrystalline diamond film was also assessed in vitro using rat cortical neuron cultures. Furthermore, we validated the functionality of the BDD growth side electrodes for neural recordings both in vitro and in vivo. The results of these comparative studies suggest that using the BDD growth surface for making implantable microelectrodes has significant advantages in terms of the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of a neural implant. The dopamine (DA) sensing capability of the BDD growth surface electrodes was validated in a 1.0 mM DA solution, which shows better sensitivity and stability than the BDD nucleation surface electrodes. ![]() Compared to the nucleation surface, the BDD growth side exhibited a rougher morphology, a higher sp³ content, a wider water potential window, and a lower background current. We developed and optimized a wafer-scale fabrication approach that allows the use of the growth side of the BDD thin film as the sensing surface. Here, we present a flexible, diamond-based microelectrode probe consisting of multichannel boron-doped polycrystalline diamond (BDD) microelectrodes on a soft Parylene C substrate. The hardness of diamond, however, has hindered its applications in neural implants due to the mechanical property mismatch between diamond and soft nervous tissues. We highlight our team's progress with the development of an all-diamond fiber ultramicroelectrode as a novel approach to advance the performance and applications of diamond-based neurochemical sensors.ĭiamond possesses many favorable properties for biochemical sensors, including biocompatibility, chemical inertness, resistance to biofouling, an extremely wide potential window, and low double-layer capacitance. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in diamond electrodes for neurochemical sensing and discuss potential opportunities for future advancements of the technology. While tradeoffs in sensitivity can undermine the advantages of BDD as a neurochemical sensor, there are numerous untapped opportunities to further improve performance, including anodic pretreatment, or optimization of the FSCV waveform, instrumentation, sp 2 /sp 3 character, doping, surface characteristics, and signal processing. Additionally, methods for processing and patterning diamond allow for high-throughput batch fabrication and customization of electrode arrays with unique architectures. ![]() Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is characterized by an extremely wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Diamond is a form of carbon with a more rigid bonding structure (sp 3-hybridized) which can become conductive when boron-doped. While their attractive electrochemical and conductive properties have established a long history of use in the detection of neurotransmitters both in vitro and in vivo, carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) also have limitations in their fabrication, flexibility, and chronic stability. Carbon-based electrodes combined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) enable neurochemical sensing with high spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. ![]()
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